PhotoSonus T
High Energy Table-Top Tunable Wavelength Lasers for Photoacoustic Imaging
PhotoSonus T is desktop version of high energy tunable laser source for photo-acoustic imaging. It features high output energies for imaging larger volumes of tissue.
Features
- Hands-free, automated wavelength tuning from 330 to 2600 nm
- Ultra-wide OPO signal tuning range from 660 to 1320 nm
- Up to 230 mJ in range 660 – 2600 nm,
35 mJ in range 330 – 660 nm - Narrow linewidth across tuning range
- 3 – 5 ns pulse duration
- Remote control via key pad or PC
- Separate output port for 532 nm beam. Output for 1064 nm is optional
- OPO pump energy monitoring
- Fast wavelength switching within entire signal or idler ranges
Applications
- Photoacoustic imaging
- Flash photolysis
- Photobiology
- Remote sensing
- Non-linear spectroscopy
Description
PhotoSonus T series tunable laser seamlessly integrates in a compact housing a nanosecond optical parametric oscillator and Nd:YAG Q-switched laser.
Three models with different output pulse energy values and different repetition rates are offered. The most powerful model has more than 230 mJ pulse energy. Narrow linewidth (<10 cm⁻¹) is nearly constant trough almost whole tuning range, which makes laser suitable for many spectroscopy application.
The device is controlled from the remote keypad or PC using LabVIEW™ drivers that are supplied with the system. The remote pad features a backlit display that is easy to read even while wearing laser safety glasses.
System is designed for easy and cost-effective maintenance. Replacement of flashlamps can be done without misalignment of the laser cavity and deterioration of laser performance. OPO pump energy monitoring system helps to increase lifetime of the optical components.
Benefits
- High pulse energy (up to 230 mJ) is highly beneficial for photoacoustics imaging applications
- Superior tuning resolution (1 – 2 cm⁻¹) allows recording of high quality spectra
- High integration level saves space in the laboratory
- Flashlamps replacement without misalignment of the laser cavity saves on maintenance costs
- In-house design and manufacturing of complete systems, including pump lasers, guarantees on-time warranty and post warranty services and spares supply
- Variety of control interfaces: USB, RS232, optional LAN and WLAN ensures easy control and integration with other equipment
- Attenuator and fiber bundle coupling options facilitate incorporation of PhotoSonus T systems into various experimental environments
Specifications
Model | PhotoSonus T-10 | PhotoSonus T-20 | PhotoSonus T+ |
---|---|---|---|
OPO 1) | |||
Wavelength range | |||
Signal | 660 – 1320 nm | 660 – 1320 nm | 660 – 1064 nm 2) |
Idler | 1065 – 2600 nm | 1065 – 2600 nm | 1065 – 2600 nm |
SH (optional) | 330 – 660 nm | 330 – 660 nm | 330 – 530 nm (330 – 659 nm) 3) |
Output max pulse energy 4) | |||
OPO | 150 mJ | 130 mJ | 230 mJ |
SH | 25 mJ | 21 mJ | 35 mJ |
Linewidth 5) | < 10 cm‑1 | < 10 cm‑1 | < 20 cm‑1 |
Tuning resolution 6) | |||
Signal | 1 cm‑1 | 1 cm‑1 | 1 cm‑1 |
Idler | 1 cm‑1 | 1 cm‑1 | 1 cm‑1 |
SH | 2 cm‑1 | 2 cm‑1 | 2 cm‑1 |
Pulse duration 7) | 3 – 5 ns | 3 – 5 ns | 3 – 5 ns |
Typical beam diameter 8) | 7 mm | 7 mm | 9 mm |
Typical beam divergence 9) | < 2 mrad | < 2 mrad | < 2 mrad |
Polarization | |||
Signal beam | horizontal | horizontal | horizontal |
Idler beam | vertical | vertical | vertical |
SH beam | vertical | vertical | vertical |
Pump laser 10) | |||
Pump wavelength | 532 nm | 532 nm | 532 nm |
Pulse duration | 4 – 6 ns | 4 – 6 ns | 4 – 6 ns |
Beam quality | ”Hat-Top” in near field. Close to Gaussian in far field | ”Hat-Top” in near field. Close to Gaussian in far field | ”Hat-Top” in near field. Close to Gaussian in far field |
Beam divergence | < 0.6 mrad | < 0.6 mrad | < 0.6 mrad |
Pulse energy stability (StdDev) | < 2.5 % | < 2.5 % | < 2.5 % |
Pulse repetition rate | 10 Hz | 20 Hz | 10 Hz |
Physical characteristics | |||
Unit size (W × L × H mm) | 456 × 821 × 270 mm | 456 × 821 × 270 mm | 456 × 821 × 270 mm |
Power supply size (W × L × H) | 330 × 490 × 585 mm | 330 × 490 × 585 mm | 330 × 490 × 585 mm |
Umbilical length | 2.5 m | 2.5 m | 2.5 m |
Operating requirements | |||
Water consumption (max 20 °C) 11) | < 10 l/min | < 10 l/min | < 10 l/min |
Room temperature | 18 – 27 °C | 18 – 27 °C | 18 – 27 °C |
Relative humidity | 20 – 80 % (non-condensing) | 20 – 80 % (non-condensing) | 20 – 80 % (non-condensing) |
Power requirements 8) | 200 – 240 V AC, single phase, 50/60 Hz | 200 – 240 V AC, single phase, 50/60 Hz | 200 – 240 V AC, single phase, 50/60 Hz |
Power consumption | < 1.5 kW | < 1.5 kW | < 1.5 kW |
Cleanliness of the room | not worse than ISO Class 9 | not worse than ISO Class 9 | not worse than ISO Class 9 |
Model | PhotoSonus T-10 | PhotoSonus T-20 | PhotoSonus T+ |
---|
- Due to continuous improvement, all specifications are subject to change without notice. The parameters marked typical are not specifications. They are indications of typical performance and will vary with each unit we manufacture. Unless stated otherwise all specifications are measured at 700 nm and for basic system without options.
- Optional signal extended range: 660 – 1320 nm.
- When extended signal range is selected.
- See tuning curves for typical outputs at different wavelengths.
- At 700 nm or higher wavelengths.
- When wavelength is controlled from PC. When wavelength is controlled from keypad, tuning resolution is 0.1 nm for signal,
- 1 nm for idler and 0.5 nm for SH.
- FWHM measured with photodiode featuring 1 ns rise time and 300 MHz bandwidth oscilloscope.
- Beam diameter is measured at 700 nm at the 1/e2 level and can vary depending on the pump pulse energy.
- Full angle measured at the FWHM level at 700 nm.
- Separate output port for the 532 nm beam is standard. Output for 1064 nm beam is optional. Pump laser output will be optimized for the best OPO operation and specification may vary with each unit we manufacture.
- Air cooled power supply is available as option.
- Mains voltage should be specified when ordering.
Note: Laser must be connected to the mains electricity all the time. If there will be no mains electricity for longer that 1 hour then laser (system) needs warm up for a few hours before switching on.
Options
Option | Features |
---|---|
-SH | Efficient second harmonic generator for 330 – 660 nm range. |
-ER | Extended OPO signal range (for T+ model only). |
-FBC | Fiber bundle coupled output. |
-ATTN | Pulse energy attenuator. |
-H | Additional output for 1064 nm pump wavelength. |
-EM | OPO energy meter. |
-AW | Water-air cooled power supply. |
Performance
Publications
An Investigation of Signal Preprocessing for Photoacoustic Tomography
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is increasingly being used for high-resolution biological imaging at depth. Signal-to-noise ratios and resolution are the main factors that determine image quality. Various reconstruction algorithms have been proposed and applied to reduce noise and enhance resolution, but the efficacy of signal preprocessing methods which also affect image quality, are seldom discussed. We, therefore, compared common preprocessing techniques, namely bandpass filters, wavelet denoising, empirical mode decomposition, and singular value decomposition. Each was compared with and without accounting for sensor directivity. The denoising performance was evaluated with the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and the resolution was calculated as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) in both the lateral and axial directions. In the phantom experiment, counting in directivity was found to significantly reduce noise, outperforming other methods. Irrespective of directivity, the best performing methods for denoising were bandpass, unfiltered, SVD, wavelet, and EMD, in that order. Only bandpass filtering consistently yielded improvements. Significant improvements in the lateral resolution were observed using directivity in two out of three acquisitions. This study investigated the advantages and disadvantages of different preprocessing methods and may help to determine better practices in PAT reconstruction.
Bimetallic Hyaluronate-Modified Au@Pt Nanoparticles for Noninvasive Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Skin Cancer
Although spherical gold (Au) nanoparticles have remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency and photostability, their weak absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region and poor penetration into deep tissues have limited further applications to NIR light-mediated photoacoustic (PA) imaging and noninvasive photothermal cancer therapy. Here, we developed bimetallic hyaluronate-modified Au–platinum (HA-Au@Pt) nanoparticles for noninvasive cancer theranostics by NIR light-mediated PA imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT). The growth of Pt nanodots on the surface of spherical Au nanoparticles enhanced the absorbance in the NIR region and broadened the absorption bandwidth of HA-Au@Pt nanoparticles by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) coupling effect. In addition, HA facilitated the transdermal delivery of HA-Au@Pt nanoparticles through the skin barrier and enabled clear tumor-targeted PA imaging. Compared to conventional PTT via injection, HA-Au@Pt nanoparticles were noninvasively delivered into deep tumor tissues and completely ablated the targeted tumor tissues by NIR light irradiation. Taken together, we could confirm the feasibility of HA-Au@Pt nanoparticles as a NIR light-mediated biophotonic agent for noninvasive skin cancer theranostics.
Characterizing a photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging platform for preclinical murine longitudinal studies
Significance. To effectively study preclinical animal models, medical imaging technology must be developed with a high enough resolution and sensitivity to perform anatomical, functional, and molecular assessments. Photoacoustic (PA) tomography provides high resolution and specificity, and fluorescence (FL) molecular tomography provides high sensitivity; the combination of these imaging modes will enable a wide range of research applications to be studied in small animals.
Aim. We introduce and characterize a dual-modality PA and FL imaging platform using in vivo and phantom experiments.
Approach. The imaging platform’s detection limits were characterized through phantom studies that determined the PA spatial resolution, PA sensitivity, optical spatial resolution, and FL sensitivity.
Results. The system characterization yielded a PA spatial resolution of 173 ± 17 μm in the transverse plane and 640 ± 120 μm in the longitudinal axis, a PA sensitivity detection limit not less than that of a sample with absorption coefficient μa = 0.258 cm − 1, an optical spatial resolution of 70 μm in the vertical axis and 112 μm in the horizontal axis, and a FL sensitivity detection limit not <0.9 μM concentration of IR-800. The scanned animals displayed in three-dimensional renders showed high-resolution anatomical detail of organs.
Conclusions. The combined PA and FL imaging system has been characterized and has demonstrated its ability to image mice in vivo, proving its suitability for biomedical imaging research applications.
Deep Learning Enhances Multiparametric Dynamic Volumetric Photoacoustic Computed Tomography In Vivo (DL-PACT)
Abstract Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) has become a premier preclinical and clinical imaging modality. Although PACT\’s image quality can be dramatically improved with a large number of ultrasound (US) transducer elements and associated multiplexed data acquisition systems, the associated high system cost and/or slow temporal resolution are significant problems. Here, a deep learning-based approach is demonstrated that qualitatively and quantitively diminishes the limited-view artifacts that reduce image quality and improves the slow temporal resolution. This deep learning-enhanced multiparametric dynamic volumetric PACT approach, called DL-PACT, requires only a clustered subset of many US transducer elements on the conventional multiparametric PACT. Using DL-PACT, high-quality static structural and dynamic contrast-enhanced whole-body images as well as dynamic functional brain images of live animals and humans are successfully acquired, all in a relatively fast and cost-effective manner. It is believed that the strategy can significantly advance the use of PACT technology for preclinical and clinical applications such as neurology, cardiology, pharmacology, endocrinology, and oncology.
Fast photoacoustic imaging technology for deep structure information of finger
In this paper, we exploited the fast-imaging technology for the deep structure of finger based on photoacoustic imaging, which adopted the self-designed 128-ring-array fast photoacoustic imaging system to acquire the latent inside information of finger. The home-made photoacoustic imaging system has the merits of fast imaging, high resolution and deep imaging depth. Specifically, our system could obtain a cross section scan of finger within 0.05 or 0.1s, achieve the resolution of approach 180 μm and image the latent inside information of finger as well as extend the imaging depth over 5 cm in chicken breast tissue at the laser density of 20 mJ/cm2 (≤ANSI safety limit). In this work, we obtained the finger anatomical information of skin tissue, blood vessel tissue, and the information of tendon tissue and phalanx tissue which is relatively difficult to obtain by means of photoacoustic imaging. So, we will be able to restore an overall internal structure of a finger including its external shape its internal tendon structure and its internal phalanx structure or containing its blood vessel structure. And that more information from different angles can make its identification more accurate. It is prospective that the deep structure of finger we get by our fast photoacoustic imaging technology will help to provide more possibilities for finger identification and lead to more credible technology for human about relevant information collection and resolution.
Fully three-dimensional sound speed-corrected multi-wavelength photoacoustic breast tomography
Photoacoustic tomography is a contrast agent-free imaging technique capable of visualizing blood vessels and tumor-associated vascularization in breast tissue. While sophisticated breast imaging systems have been recently developed, there is yet much to be gained in imaging depth, image quality and tissue characterization capability before clinical translation is possible. In response, we have developed a hybrid photoacoustic and ultrasound-transmission tomographic system PAM3. The photoacoustic component has for the first time three-dimensional multi-wavelength imaging capability, and implements substantial technical advancements in critical hardware and software sub-systems. The ultrasound component enables for the first time, a three-dimensional sound speed map of the breast to be incorporated in photoacoustic reconstruction to correct for inhomogeneities, enabling accurate target recovery. The results demonstrate the deepest photoacoustic breast imaging to date namely 48 mm, with a more uniform field of view than hitherto, and an isotropic spatial resolution that rivals that of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The in vivo performance achieved, and the diagnostic value of interrogating angiogenesis-driven optical contrast as well as tumor mass sound speed contrast, gives confidence in the system’s clinical potential.
LED-based Schlieren system for full-field photoacoustic wave acquisition and image reconstruction
In this work, full-field detection of laser-induced ultrasound waves was performed with an off-axis LED-based Schlieren system. Sensing strobe light, pulsed laser dual light-sheet excitation, and CMOS sensor device were all synchronized to capture the pressure wave as it propagated through an elastic liquid surrounding the test sample. In addition, a reconstruction algorithm based on the Radon transform was applied to the digitally recorded field in order to obtain an image of the photoacoustic source. The proposed system is capable of retrieving the profile of cylindrical and hexagonal targets.
Microfluidic Fabrication of Highly Efficient Hydrogel Optical Fibers for In Vivo Fiber-Optic Applications
Abstract Although efficient light delivery is required for various biomedical applications, the high stiffness of traditional silica-based optical fibers limits their in vivo usage. In this study, highly deformable and stretchable soft optical fibers are prepared based on the mechanically tough hydrogels of a double network (DN) structure comprising covalently crosslinked acrylamide and ionically crosslinked alginate using a microfluidic device. Owing to the optimized chemical composition, the core/cladding structure, and the mechanical robustness of the prepared hydrogel optical fibers, highly efficient optical delivery is achieved even at highly deformed and elongated states. Furthermore, the microfluidic device further allowed the formation of dual-core, novel architectures for hydrogel optical fibers. With the aid of the dopamine moiety included in the cladding, the hydrogel optical fibers attached strongly to all surfaces tested. Light delivery is further confirmed by implantation in the biological tissues. The high light-guiding performance of the developed hydrogel optical fibers enables them to replace the conventional silica optical fibers used in UV/Vis, fluorescence, and photoacoustic spectroscopies. To demonstrate their in vivo fiber-optic application potential, they are placed inside mice, and the excitation and emission of the generated fluorescence signals are detected.
Photoacoustic tomography with a model-based approach involving realistic detector properties
A computational and experimental study is conducted to examine how directivity associated with a finite aperture sensor affects photoacoustic tomography (PAT) image reconstruction. Acoustic signals for the simulation work were computed using a discrete particle approach from three numerical phantoms including a vasculature. The theoretical framework and a Monte Carlo approach for construction of a tissue configuration are discussed in detail. While simulating forward data, the directivity of the sensor was taken into account. The image reconstruction was accomplished using system matrix based methods like l2 norm Tikhonov regularization, l1 norm regularization and total variation (TV) minimization. Accordingly, two different system matrices were constructed- (i) assuming transducer as a point detector (PD) and (ii) retaining properties of a finite detector with directivity (FDWD). Image reconstruction was also performed utilizing experimentally measured PA signals. Both the computational and experimental results demonstrate that blur-free PAT imaging can be achieved with the FDWD method. Additionally, TV minimization provides marginally better image reconstruction compared to the other schemes.
Size-tunable ICG-based contrast agent platform for targeted near-infrared photoacoustic imaging.
Near-infrared photoacoustic imaging (NIR-PAI) combines the advantages of optical and ultrasound imaging to provide anatomical and functional information of tissues with high resolution. Although NIR-PAI is promising, its widespread use is hindered by the limited availability of NIR contrast agents. J-aggregates (JA) made of indocyanine green dye (ICG) represents an attractive class of biocompatible contrast agents for PAI. Here, we present a facile synthesis method that combines ICG and ICG-azide dyes for producing contrast agents with tunable size down to 230 nm and direct functionalization with targeting moieties. The ICG-JA platform has a detectable PA signal in vitro that is two times stronger than whole blood and high photostability. The targeting ability of ICG-JA was measured in vitro using HeLa cells. The ICG-JA platform was then injected into mice and in vivo NIR-PAI showed enhanced visualization of liver and spleen for 90 min post-injection with a contrast-to-noise ratio of 2.42.